Smart Buildings For Sustainability Using PV Systems
Contents
CH.1 Introduction
1.1 Energy Crisis in Egypt. 20
1.2 Causes of Energy Crisis. 20
1.3 Energy Sources in Egypt. 21
1.3.1 Oil. 21
1.3.2 Natural gas. 22
1.4 Renewable Energy. 23
1.4.1 Solar Energy. 24
1.4.1.1 Solar thermal technologies. 25
1.4.1.2 Photovoltaic (PV). 26
1.5 LEED. 27
1.5.1 Consideration of LEED. 28
1.5.1.1 Site. 28
1.5.1.2 Materials. 28
1.5.1.3 Energy. 28
1.5.1.4 Air. 29
1.5.1.5 Water. 29
1.5.1.6 Transportation. 29
1.5.2 Advantages of LEED. 30
1.5.3 Disadvantages of LEED. 30
CH.2 Photovoltaic Systems
2.1 What's P.V? 33
2.2 P.V. Operation. 342.3 PV cell, module, panel and array. 37
2.3.1 Definitions. 37
2.3.2 Types of modules. 39
2.3.3 Encapsulation. 40
2.3.4 Encapsulation Components. 41
2.3.5 Materials Properties. 41
2.3.6 Elements for Making Good Encapsulation of (CSI) PV
Modules. 42
2.3.7 Materials Level Testing. 42
2.3.8 Characteristics of PV Cell. 43
2.3.9 Theory of I-V Characterization. 43
2.3.10 Short Circuit Current. 44
2.3.11 Open Circuit Voltage (VOC) 45
2.3.12 Maximum Power (PMAX), Current at PMAX), (IMP)
Voltage at PMAX (VMP) 46
2.3.13. Fill Factor (FF) 47
2.3.14 Efficiency (η) 48
2.3.15 Shunt Resistance (RSH) and Series Resistance 50
2.3.16 Temperature Measurement Considerations 52
2.4 PV components and systems. 54
2.4.1 Components 54
2.4.2 PV System Types 55
2.4.2.1 Stand Alone PV Systems 55
2.4.2.2 Grid Connected PV systems 562.5 Protection of photovoltaic systems 57
2.5.1 Introduction 57
2.5.2 Causes of fault 57
2.5.3 We make protection against 58
2.5.3.1 Lightning 58
2.5.3.2 Reverse current 60
2.5.3.3 Over current 61
2.5.3.4 Ground fault 61
2.5.3.5 Hot spot 61
2.5.4 Protection of inverter 63
2.5.4.1 Causes of failure 63
2.5.4.2 Inverter bridge failure 63
2.5.5 Protection of battery 64
2.5.5.1 Overcharge Protection 64
2.5.5.2 Over-discharge Protection 64
2.6 Maintenance 64
2.6.1. Maintenance for PV module 65
2.6.2. Maintenance for Battery
2.6.3 Inverter / Battery charger & charger controller 65
2.6.3. Benefit: Regular Maintenance 66
CH.3 PV Locations, Connections and Installing Systems
3.1 Introduction 69
3.2 Panel location 69
3.3 Site meteorological data 693.4 Factors which effect on location 70
3.4.1 Angle 70
3.4.2 Shading 72
3.5 Mounting solar PV System 73
3.6 Roof basics shapes 73
3.7 Sloping roof 74
3.7.1 Pitched Roof Mounting Rails (on Roof) 74
3.7.2 In Roof 74
3.8 Flat roof 75
3.8.1 Ground Mounted 75
3.8.2 Flat Roof 75
3.9 Tracking PV Arrays: 76
3.9.1 Passive Tracking 76
3.9.2 Active Tracking 77
3.10 Interconnection of PV modules 77
3.11 Module and string cables 79
3.12 Connection systems 81
3.12.1 Screw Terminals 81
3.12.2 Post Terminals 81
3.12.3 Spring Clamp Terminals 81
3.12.4 Plug Connectors 81
3.13 DC Main Cable 82
3.14 AC Connection Cable 83
3.15 Selecting and Sizing Cables for Grid-Tied PV Systems 833.15.1 Cable Voltage Rating: 83
3.15.2 Cable Current Carrying Capacity 83
3.15.3 Minimizing Cable Losses, Voltage Drops 84
3.16 Sizing DC Main Cable 85
3.17 Sizing of Cable Cross Sections Stand Alone 86
3.18 Charge Controller Cable 88
3.19 PV Array Combiner/Junction Boxes, String Diodes And Fuses
88
3.20 PV Installation 89
3.21 Our Install In Eight Steps 89
3.21.1 Erecting the scaffold 89
3.21.2 Fitting the roof anchors 89
3.21.3 Attaching the frame 90
3.21.4 Installing the panels 90
3.21.5 Wiring the panels on the roof 90
3.21.6 Wiring the panels to the inverter 90
3.21.7 Inside the Home 91
3.21.8. Commissioning The System 91
CH.4 LEED Building Design.
4.1 Introduction 100
4.2 Lighting 100
4.2.1 Conventional Method 100
4.2.2 Smart Method (LEED) 104
4.2.3 Comparison between Conventional an LEED lamps.
1074.3 Sockets 109
4.4 Air conditioning 110
4.4.1 Split unit A.C 111
4.4.2 Stand-alone split unit 111
4.4.3 Central unit A.C. 112
4.5 Load duration curve 113
4.6 Load Schedule & C.B Sizing 118
4.6.1 Electric lines calculations 118
4.6.2 Load schedules 119
4.6.2.1 Load balancing 119
4.6.2.2 Balance Check 119
4.6.2.3 Unbalance ratio can be calculated 120
4.6.3 Example from our Project 120
4.7 Circuit breaker standard 122
4.8 Single line diagram 122
4.9 Light Current System 123
4.9.1 Fire alarm 124
4.9.2 CCTV 129
4.9.3 Sound system 131
4.9.4 Telephone system 134
CH.5 PV and Battery Sizing, Power Management and
Inverter design
5.1 PV sizing. 137
5.1.1 Consumption Demands Determination 1405.2 Battery sizing. 141
5.3 Inverter design. 150
CH.6 Environmental effects and Economic Study
6.1 Environmental study and effects 159
6.2 Fossil Fuel Power Plants 160
6.3 The Solar Electricity 163
6.4 Economic Study 164
6.4.1 by using load curve 164
6.4.1.1 Conventional Method 164
6.4.1.2 Smart Method 166
6.4.2 Saving 167
6.4.3 After Management 167
6.4.3.1 by using PV modules. 168
6.4.3.2 by using electricity from government.168
6.4.3.3 Saving Of Using Electricity from PV And
Government for 20 Years. 169
6.4.3.4 Calculation of emission of carbon dioxide
from the oil fuel stations. 169
6.4.4 Total Saving 169
6.4.5 Clearing 170
Reference