Management of Integrated Distribution Networks Based on Distributed Generation Systems
This book has been written for a graduation project to study problem
of electricity shortage in Egypt because this problem cause interrupting of
electricity and this problem increased in last days with large scale so we
aim to solve this big problem by suggesting many solutions to help in
solving it
We have many problems also as the shortage of the oil and the
pollution which results from the conventional power generation plants
which cause air pollution with harmful gases cause many problems to the
environment and cause global warming which will lead to raise the
temperature of the world and it will cause dyeing for million people.
So we need to achieve new suggestions or solutions to overcome these
problems.
Contents
Acknowledgement I
Preface II
Index III
Chapter 1: Introduction 11-20
The energy issue in the world 11
Part 1 Traditional energy sources 12
1- Natural Gas 12
2- Crude oil and its derivatives 12
3- Coal 13
4- Nuclear power 13
Side effects 13
1- Air pollution 13
2- Water pollution 14
3- Land pollution 14
Part 2 Alternative energy sources 15
1- Hydrogen fuel cell 15
2- Ocean Energy 16
3- Geothermal heat 16
4- Biomass 17
5- Hydroelectric 17
6- Wind power 17
7- Solar Energy 18
Part 3 Energy in Egypt 19
Renewable Energy 196
Chapter 2: Hybrid Power System 22-53
Part 1 Photovoltaic 23
1- Types of PV according to material 23
2- Theory of Operation 24
3- Advantages of PV 24
4- Connection of PV according to many factors 25
I- according to construction 25
II- according to connection 26
III- according to tracking types 27
IV- according to installation 28
5- Main Components of PV system 30
6- Solar cell characteristic curve 31
7- Standard test conditions 32
8- Environmental Factors affecting on PV modules 32
9- Factors to be considered during design 34
10- Protection of PV system 35
I- Ground fault 35
II- Reverse current 36
III- Over voltage 36
IV- Over current 36
V- Lightning 36
Part 2 Wind turbine 38
1- Types of wind turbines 38
2- Types of wind turbine Generators 39
3- Doubly Fed Induction Generator 39
4- Operation of wind turbine generator 39
5- Turbine Ratings 407
6- Wind Energy in Egypt 40
7- National strategy for wind energy until 2020 41
8- Protection of wind system 42
I- rotor current protection 42
II- Rotor speed protection 42
III- Lightning and over voltage protection 42
IV- Over/Under voltage protection 42
Part 3 PV-Wind Hybrid System 43
1- Connection the system to the electricity grid 43
2- Hybrid system merits 44
3- Grid Tie System configurations 45
I- Centralized DC-bus architecture 45
II- Centralized AC-bus architecture 46
III- Distributed AC-bus architecture 47
IV- Modified Distributed Ac Bus Architecture 48
4- Issues to be considered when choosing configuration 49
5- Project layout 49
6- Installed PV system 50
7- Installed Wind system 51
8- Connection of the two sources and utility grid 51
Chapter 3: Economical and Environmental study 55-70
Part 1 National Grid 57
1- Economical study 57
2- Calculating process for conventional power plants 57
3- Price of energy in Egypt 59
4- Environmental Aspect 59
I- Sulfur Oxides 598
II- Acid Rain 59
III- Carbon Dioxide 60
IV- Nitrogen Oxides 60
V- Ashes 60
Part 2 Solar system 61
1- Economical study 61
2- Environmental Aspect 63
3- Advantages of Solar systems 63
4- Improvements on solar systems 63
Part 3 Wind farm 65
1- Economical study 65
2-Main parameters affecting wind power economics 66
I- Foundation and installing 66
II- Operation and Maintenance Cost 67
III- Turbine lifetime & annual discount rate
3- Environmental study 69
I- Advantages 69
II- Disadvantages 69
4- cost benefits 70
Chapter 4: Simulation 72-88
Part 1 Model of PV Cell 72
1- Equivalent Electric Circuit 72
2- Calculations of some parameters 73
3- CHARACTERISTICS OF PV MODULE 76
4- DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER 76
5- Simulation Result 78
6- Simulation of grid connected Inverter 789
7- Block diagram of the grid connected inverter 79
8- Wave forms 80
I- current wave form 80
II- Voltage wave form 81
Part 2 Model of Wind farm 82
1- Description of Simulation Model 82
I- Wind turbine model 82
II- Induction Machine model 82
III- Grid Side Converter 82
IV- Rotor Side Converter 83
V- Crowbar 83
2- Network Model 83
3- Protection of system 85
4- Results 86
Part 3 Model of Hybrid system 87
1- Hybrid system 87
2- Current wave form 88
Chapter 5: Practical 90-98
Part 1 practical part 90
1- objective 90
2- Equipments 90
3- Power circuit 92
Part 2 Application 93
1- System requirements 93
3- Hardware 94
3- Cases 97
References