designed a distribution system on a tourist resort closed to the sea with a total area of 58400 m² named
SMART CITY that still under construction.
It consists of
1. Many residential buildings of different floors.
2. Commercial buildings such as mall center, shops and office.
3. Hotel.
4. Entertainment places such as Swimming pool ,tennis club and
restaurant
index Distribution System Design For Smart City
Chapter (1)
Introduction
1.1Introduction 2
1.2 The scope of the project 2
1.3 objectives of the project 3
Chapter (2)
Primary and Secondary Service and System
Configurations
2.2Types of Sub transmission lines 7
2.2.1 Radial circuit arrangements in commercial building 8
2.2.2Radial circuit arrangement: Common primary feeder to
Secondary unit substations 9
2.2.3 Radial circuit arrangement: Individual primary feeder to
Secondary unit substations 10
2.2.4 Primary radial-selective circuit arrangements 11
2.2.5 Secondary-selective circuit arrangement (Double-ended
substation with single tie) 12
2.2.6 Secondary-selective circuit arrangement (Individual
substations with interconnecting ties) 13
2.2.7 Primary- and secondary-selective circuit arrangement
(Double-ended substation with selective primary) 14
2.2.8 Looped primary circuit arrangement 15
2.2.9 Basic spot network 16
2.3 Type of Substation bus scheme 18
3.3.1 Single Bus scheme 18
2.3.2 Double Bus, Double Breaker scheme 19
2.3.3 Main and Transfer Bus scheme 20
2.3.4 Double Bus, Single Breaker scheme 22
2.3.5 Ring Bus scheme 23
2.3.6 Breaker-and-a-Half scheme 25
2.4 Comparison of Configurations 26
Chapter (3)
Load estimation
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Description of the project land 29
3.3 consideration of load calculations 31
3.3.1 Diversity factor 32
3.4 Load calculations of buildings 33
3.4.1 Building (13A) 33
3.4.1.1 Calculation of flat load 33
3.4.1.2 Calculations of the total building loads 33
3.4.2 Building (13B) 34
3.4.3 building (10C) 35
3.4.4 building (5) 36
3.5 Load calculation of blocks 36
3.5.1 Block (1) 36
3.5.2 Block (2) 37
3.5.3 Block (3) 39
3.5.4 Block (4) 39
3.5.5 Block (5) 40
3.5.6 Block (6) 40
3.5.7 Block (7) 41
3.6 Critical loads 41
3.6.1 Critical loads of block (1) 42
3.6.2 Critical loads of block (2) 42
3.6.3 Critical loads of block (3) 43
3.6.4 Critical loads of block (4) 44
3.6.5 Critical loads of block (5) 44
3.6.6 Critical loads of block (6) 45
3.6.7 Critical loads of block (7) 45
Chapter (4)
Renewable Energies
4. Introduction 47
4.1Wind Energy 48
4.1.1 Basic principle of wind energy 48
4.1.2 Wind Turbines 48
4.1.3 Types of wind turbines 48
4.1.3.1. horizontal-axis wind turbines 48
4.1.3.2vertical-axis wind turbines 48
4.1.4 Parts of a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine 49
4.1.5 Types of Generators used for Wind Turbines 50
4.1.5.1 Induction Generator 50
4.1.5.2 Permanent Magnet Alternators 51
4.1.5.3 Brushed DC Motor 51
4.1.6 Modeling the Power Generated by a Turbine 52
4.1.7 Wind power system 53
4.1.7.1 Fixed speed wind turbine 53
4.1.7.2 Variable speed wind turbine 54
4.1.7.3 variable speed wind turbine with DFIG 54
4.1.8 Control Methods 55
4.1.9 Advantages of wind energy 57
4.1.10 Disadvantages of wind energy 57
Turbine technical specification 59
4.1.11Power calculation 60
4.2Solar energy 61
4.2.1Insolation and Total Solar Irradiance 61
4.2.2Photovoltaic cells 62
4.2.3PV connection 63
4.2.4Types of cells 64
4.2.4.1Crystalline silicon 64
4.2.4.2 Amorphous silicon 64
4.2.5Two approaches for using PV’s: stand-alone and grid
-Interface 65
4.2.5.1Stand-alone system 65
4.2.5.2Grid-interface system 65
4.2.6Steps in designing a PV system 66
4.2.6.1 Calculate the Electrical Load 66
4.2.6.2Sizethe PV System 67
4.2.7PV Subsystems – Inverters, Controllers, and
Wiring Inverters 67
4.2.7.1Charge controllers 67
4.2.7.2Wiring 67
4.2.8MountingPV panels 68
4.2.9Batteries 69
4.2.10PV Output Power 69
Power calculation of pv system 71
4.3.Electrical Energy Storage Systems 74
4.3.1Electricity and the roles of EES 74
4.3.2Emerging needs for EES 76
4.3.2.1More renewable energy, less fossil Fuel 76
4.3.3The roles of electrical energy storage technologies 78
4.3.3.1The roles from the viewpoint of a utility 79
4.3.3.2The roles from the viewpoint of consumers 80
4.3.3.3The roles from the viewpoint of generators of
renewable energy 81
4.3.4Types and features of energy storage systems 81
4.3.4.1Classification of EES systems 81
4.3.4.2 Mechanical storage system 82
4.3.4.3Electrochemical storage Systems 82
4.3.4.4Thermal storage systems 83
4.3.5Configurations of EES 83
4.3.5.1Off-line systems 83
4.3.5.2Line-interactive systems 84
4.3.5.3On-linesystem 84
4.3.6 Choosing the Batery Type 85
4.3.7New trends in applications 86
4.3.8Management and control hierarchy of storage systems-89
4.3.8.1Internal configuration of battery storage systems 89
4.3.8.2External connection of EES systems 90
Chapter (5)
Transformer
5.1Introduction 96
5.2 What is a transformer? 97
5.3 Types of transformers 98
5.4Main Parts of Distribution Transformers 98
5.4.1Iron Core 98
5.4.2Windings 99
5.4.3Tank 99
5.4.4Oil Expansion Conservator 99
5.4.5Terminals 99
5.4.6TapChanger 99
5.4.7Cooling Oil 99
5.5Number of phases 100
5.6Transformerratos 100
5.7The regulation of a transformer 100
5.8The efficiency of a transformer 101
5.9Parallel operaton of the transformers 101
5.10Methods of cooling 102
5.10.1Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer 102
5.1.0.2Dry-type transformer 103
5.11 Specification of the used transformer 103
5.12Determining capacity of thetransformer 104
Chapter (6)
Cables
6.1 Introduction 107
6.2 Factors considered in design and selection of cables 107
6.3 Cable insulation materials 108
6.3.1 Paper 108
6.3.2 P.V.C. 108
6.3.3 Thermosetting (XLPE 108
6.4 Derating Factors 108
6.5 Calculation of cross section of cables 110
6.5.1Cables selected in our project 111
6.5.1.1 Medium voltage cable 111
6.5.1.2 Low voltage cable 112
6.6 voltage drop calculation 114
6.6 Joints and terminations 117
6.7 Cable trays 118
6.7.1 Types of cable trays 118
6.7.1.1 Ladder 118
4.7.1.2 Cable Tray (Race Ways 118
6.8 The Conduits 119
6.9 Cable Trench / Channel 120
6.10 Distribution panels 122
6.10.1 Medium voltage distribution panel (M.V.D.P) 123
6.10.1.1 Measuring instruments 123
6.10.1.2 Protection instruments 124
6.10.1.3 switchgears instruments 124
6.10.2 Low voltage distribution panel 125
6.10.2.1 Main panel 125
6.10.2.2 Sub panels 126Distribution System Design For Smart City
Content
VI
Chapter (7)
Earthing
7.1 Introduction 128
7.2 The advantages of earthing 128
7.3 The disadvantages of earthing 129
7.3.1 The two important disadvantages are 129
7.4Combining neutral with earth 130
7.5 In household wiring 130
7.6 IEC Terminology 131
7.6.1 TN network 131
7.6.2 TT network 133
7.6.3 IT network 134
7.7 Theory vs. Practice 134
7.8 Earth Electrode Measurement (Single Electrode) 135
7.9 Earth Electrode Measurement (Multiple Probe System 137
7.10 Soil Resistivity 139
Chapter (5)
Protection system
8.1 Introduction 144
8.2 Circuit breaker 145
8.3 The types of the Circuit breakers 145
8.3.1 Medium voltage circuit breaker 145
8.3.2 Low voltage circuit breakers 146
8.3.2.1 Miniature circuit breaker 146
8.3.2.2 Molded case circuit breaker 148
8.4 Types of protection used in our project 148
8.4.1 Over-current protection 148
8.4.2 Earth-fault protection 150
8.4.3 Short circuit protection 150
8.5 Calculation of short circuit current 151
8.5.1 Steps of impedance calculations used in short circuit -151
current calculations 153
8.5.2 calculation of short circuit current for block (1 153
8.5.3 Calculation of short circuit current for other blocks 15
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