Design, Analysis and Control of Wind Turbine Connected To the National Grid, and explaining of Wind Turbine System Types, Construction and Control Strategy and Connection of Wind Farm to the National Grid and Modeling, Simulation and Experimental Work
index of Design, Analysis and Control of Wind Turbine book
Chapter 1
Introduction 9
1.1 Introduction 9
1.2 Conventional sources 9
1.2.1 Disadvantages of Using Fossil Fuels 9
1.2.2 Main types of conventional sources 10
1.2.2.1 Coal 10
1.2.2.2 Oil 10
1.2.2.3 Natural gas 11
1.2.2.4 Uranium and Nuclear 12
1.3 Renewable energy 13
1.3.1 Criteria of renewable energy 13
1.3.2 Importance of Renewable Energy 15
1.4 Benefits of renewable energy 16
1.4.1 Environmental Benefits 17
1.4.2 Energy in Our Hands 17
1.4.3 Job Creation 18
1.4.4 Security 18
1.4.5 Stable Prices 18
1.4.6 Energy for our children's children 19
1.5 Some applications of renewable energy resources 19
1.6 Renewable energy sources20
1.6.1 Solar Energy 20
1.6.1.1 Concentrated solar power 20
1.6.1.2 Solar cell 21
1.6.2 Geothermal Energy 22
1.6.3 Hydropower energy 23
1.6.4 Biomass Energy 25
1.6.5 Wind energy 26
1.7 Current renewable energy capacity in Egypt 28
1.7.1 Solar energy 28
1.7.2 Wind energy 28
1.7.3 Hydro power 30
1.8 Why our project is about wind energy 30
1.8.1 Egypt's wind atlas 30
1.8.2 Benefits of wind energy for Egypt 32Contents
Chapter 2
Wind Turbine System Types, Construction and Control Strategy 34
2.1 Introduction 34
2.2 Types of wind turbine 34
2.2.1 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT 35
2.2.1.1 Savonius Wind Turbine 35
2.2.1.2 Flapping Panel Wind Turbine 36
2.2.1.3 Darrieus Wind Turbine 36
2.2.1.4 Giromill Wind Turbine 37
2.2.2 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT 37
2.2.2.1 Up-Wind Turbines 38
2.2.2.2 Shrouded Wind Turbines 38
2.3 Construction of wind turbine 38
2.4 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine in details 39
2.4.1 Tower 40
2.4.2 Rotor blades 41
2.4.3 Gearbox 41
2.4.4 Rotor hub 42
2.4.5 Rotor bearing 42
2.4.6 Main shaft 42
2.4.7 Main frame 42
2.4.8 Yaw system 42
2.4.9 Pitch system 42
2.4.10 Power converter 42
2.4.11 Transformer 42
2.4.12 Brake system 42
2.4.13 Nacelle housing 42
2.4.14 Generator 42
2.5 Self Excited Induction Generator (SEIG 43
2.5.1 Overview 43
2.5.2 Per-phase equivalent circuit of SEIG 43
2.5.3 Theory of self-excitation in induction machines 43
2.5.4 Wind turbine configuration using SEIG 44
2.5.5 Advantages and disadvantages of SEIG 45
2.6 Double fed Induction Generator (DFIG 45
2.6.1 Overview 45
2.6.2 Construction 45
2.6.3 Equivalent Circuit 46
2.6.4 DFIG Characteristic 47
2.6.5 Characteristic equations 47
2.6.6 Power Flow 48
2.6.7 Advantages and disadvantages of DFIG 50
2.7 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG 51
2.7.1 Overview 51
2.7.2 Construction 51
2.7.2.1 Stator 51
2.7.2.2 Rotor 52
2.7.3 Equivalent circuit 52
2.7.4 Characteristic equation of PMSG 53
2.7.5 Modeling of PMSG as a wind turbine generator 54
2.7.6 Model representation of the drive-train 55
2.7.7 Advantages and disadvantages of PMSG 57
2.8 Control Strategy and Analysis of Wind Turbine 57
2.8.1 Objective of the control strategy 57
2.8.2 Top controls 58
2.8.2.1 Rotor Controls 58
2.8.2.2 Aerodynamics Control 59
2.8.2.2.1 Stall Control 59
2.8.2.2.2 Pitch Control 60
2.8.2.2.3 Active Stall Regulation (ASR) Control 63
2.8.2.3 Yaw Control 65
2.8.2.3.1 Passive Yaw 66
2.8.2.3.2 Active Yaw 67
2.8.3 Ground controls 69
2.8.4 Wind Turbine Sensors 69
2.8.4.1 Pitch sensors 69
2.8.4.1.1 Tachogenerators 69
2.8.4.1.2 Anemometer 69
2.8.4.1.3 Proximity sensor 70
2.8.4.2 Yaw sensors 70
2.8.4.2.1 Normal potentiometer 70
2.8.4.2.2 Encoder 71
2.8.4.2.3 Ultra sonic sensor 71
2.8.4.2.4 Proximity sensor in yaw sensors 72
2.8.5 Control strategy 72
2.8.5.1 Yaw controller 72
2.8.5.2 Pitch control 73
Chapter 3
Connection of Wind Farm to the National Grid 74
3.1 Introduction 74
3.2 Types of substation 74
3.2.1 Classification based on configuration 74
3.2.2 Classification based on application 75
3.3 Sub-station Bus-bar lay out 76
3.4 Transformers 76
3.5 Single line diagram 78
3.6 Case study of 200MW 22/22/220 GIS substation in GABAL EL-ZAYT 83
3.6.1 22 KV single line diagram 83
3.6.2 220 KV single line diagram 84
3.7 Protection system 88
3.7.1 Transformer protection 88
3.7.2 Bus-bar protection 89
3.7.3 Line protection 89
3.8 125 MVA Transformer Bay Protection and Control Schematic Diagrams 89
3.9 220KV OHL Typical Bay Protection and Control Schematic Diagrams 91
3.10 Auxiliary system 93
3.11 Control system 98
3.11.1 Control levels from higher to the lower priority 98
3.11.2 Process of Q0 circuit breaker closing 98
Chapter 4
Cost Estimation for 200 MW Wind Farm Project 102
4.1 Introduction 102
4.2 Background 102
4.3 Approach 103
4.4 Land-Based Wind 105
4.5 Installed Capital Cost for Land-Based Wind 106
4.6 Annual Operating Expenses for Land-Based Wind 109
4.7 Annual Energy Production and Capacity Factor for Land-Based Wind 110
4.7.1 Turbine Parameters 111
4.7.2 Wind Resource 111
4.7.3 Losses 112
4.7.4 Land-Based Wind Finance 112
4.8 Land-Based Wind Reference Project Summary 113
4.9 Land-Based Wind LCOE Calculation 113
4.10 LCOE Sensitivities 114
4.11 Example Cost Reduction Scenarios 116Contents
4.11.1 Decreased Capital Cost 116
4.11.2 Increased Annual Average Wind Speed 116
4.12 Key Inputs and Results 117
4.13 Wind Farms in preparation phase in Egypt 120
4.14 Other Power Station Investment Cost 120
Chapter 5
Modeling, Simulation and Experimental Work 122
5.1 Overview 122
5.2 General structure 122
5.2.1 PMSG Wind Turbine 123
5.2.2 Graphical User Interface (GUI 125
5.2.3 Wind turbine block 127
5.2.4 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator 131
5.2.4.1 Three-Phase Sinusoidal Model Electrical System 132
5.2.4.2 Mechanical System (for all models 133
5.2.4.3 Dialog Box and Parameters 133
5.2.5 Power Converters 138
5.2.5.1 Machine Side Converter Control System 144
5.2.5.2 Grid Side Converter Control System 145
5.2.5.3 Crow Bar Protection 146
5.3 Results 147
5.3.1 System characteristics without fault 147
5.3.2 System characteristics with fault on the grid 155
5.4 Experimental Work 164
5.4.1 Blades 165
5.4.2 Pitch Mechanism 167
5.4.3 Nacelle 169
5.4.4 Yaw Mechanism 172
5.4.5 Tower 173
5.4.6 Copper Slip Ring 174
5.4.7 Prototype Assembly 175
5.4.8 Control Strategy for Pitch and Yaw 176
5.4.9 Wind direction sensor 178
5.4.10 H Bridge 179
5.4.11 Results 181Contents
Chapter 6
Conclusion 183
6.1 Our Aim 183
6.2 Our Results 183
List of References 18
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